How to Read a Phylogenetic Tree

How to Build a Phylogenetic Tree

Genetic distance is the number of mutation/evolutionary events between species since their divergence. The simplest way to calculate it is to count the number of difference between two sequences. However, the method, which is often refer to as hamming method, does not reflect the evolutionary history of the sequence, because not all the mutation events are recorded in the current sequences. Fig...

How to Read a Research

The goal of this Research Brief is to provide information that will make reading a research article more illuminating. For example, you might want to learn about whether any research has been done showing that children benefit when they are read to more frequently. To answer this question, start with a literature search on the web (see “Resources for Doing Web Research”1) and then identify the ...

How to Read a Signature?

In this note we describe a cryptographic curiosity: readable messages that carry their own digital signature.

How to Read Autofiction

Teaching a Robot How to Read Symbols

Symbols are used everywhere to help us nd our way and they provide useful information about our world. Autonomous robots that would operate in real life settings could surely bene t from these indications. Research on character recognition have been going on for quite some time now, and demonstrations have been made of machines that can read printed and handwritten characters. To give an autono...